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You do this by locking on an object; the idea is that, as soon as the lock is taken, any thread attempting to enter the section of code will be blocked until the lock is released by the thread that holds it Code protected in this way is sometimes called a critical section You achieve this calling SystemThreadingMonitorEnter at the start of the code that you want to protect and System ThreadingMonitorExit at the end of that code You must guarantee that MonitorExit is called, or this could lead to threads being locked forever The lock function is a nice way to ensure that MonitorExit is always called if MonitorEnter has been called This function takes two parameters: the first is the object you want to lock on, while the second is a function that contains the code you want to protect.

Listing 12-2. Python Alpha Blend Function def alpha_blend(src, dst): return src * src.a + dst * (1.0 src.a) This kind of alpha blending is useful for creating detail in places where many small polygons would otherwise be required. For instance, a tuft of weeds in an off-road racing game could be created with a single texture with translucent areas rather than a detailed model. Blending can also be done with the constant alpha component instead of using the alpha channel in the textures. This is useful for varying the opacity of textures as a whole rather than for individual texels. Constant alpha blending can be used to render anything from windows to force fields. The following calls would make textures 50 percent transparent or 50 percent opaque, if you prefer. glBlendColor(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.5) glBlendFactor(GL_CONSTANT_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_ALPHA) glBlendEquation(GL_ADD)

After all the stories for the iteration have had their tasks defined, developers select tasks. Each developer assigns his name to a given task, and then applies his estimate in ideal hours (described shortly) to the task. Developers own their estimates. Although a developer may solicit feedback from other developers, asking their opinion for an estimate, the developer who owns the estimate has the final say. It is recommended, but not dictated, that developers should try to sign up for all of the tasks on a given story. This helps reduce the dependencies that can occur when you have multiple developers working on a single story. You can recognize this type of dependency if you have one developer waiting for another developer to complete a given task on a given story before the first developer can start her task on the same story.

This function should take unit as its parameter, and it can return any value The following example demonstrates the subtle issues involved in locking The code to accomplish the lock needs to be quite long, and this example has been deliberately written to exaggerate the problem of context switching The idea behind this code is this: if two threads run at the same time, both try to write the console The aim of the sample is to write the string "One .. Two .. Three .. " to the console atomically; that is, one thread should be able to finish writing its message before the next one starts The example has a function, called makeUnsafeThread, that creates a thread that won t be able to write to the console atomically and a second thread, makeSafeThread, that writes to the console atomically by using a lock: open System open System.

Another useful blending technique is additive blending, which is similar to basic alpha blending, with the exception that source color is added directly to the destination so that it brightens the underlying image. This creates a glowing effect, which is why additive blending is often used to render flame, electricity, or similar crowd-pleasing special effects. The following function calls select additive blending: glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE) glBlendEquation(GL_FUNC_ADD) The only difference between this and regular alpha blending is that the destination blend factor is set to GL_ONE, which multiplies the color by 1.0 in effect, not changing it at all. Additive blending is equivalent to the additive_blend function in Listing 12-3. Listing 12-3. Python Additive Blend Function def additive_blend(src, dst): return src * src.a + dst

The level of effort for each task is in the form of task points, which represent ideal hours. Like an ideal day, an ideal hour is a fictitious amount of time when you have no interruptions and you are able to just write code. Also like an ideal day, it is impossible to determine ahead of time what activities and events are going to take away from the time you would have spent