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Let s write some code to help us visualize some commonly used blending effects. When you execute Listing 12-5, you will see a background image and another smaller image of our friend fugu that can be moved around with the mouse. The fugu image contains alpha information, but because no blending options have been set, you will see parts of the image that would normally be invisible. If you hit the 1 key on your keyboard, it will enable alpha blending and the background pixels of the fugu image will become invisible (see Figure 12-1). Pressing 2 selects additive blending, which will give the fugu a ghostly glow, and pressing 3 selects subtractive blending, which creates a dark shadow fugu. Try changing the constants in the glBlendFunc and glBlendEquation to produce some more interesting effects. If there is a particular effect you want to implement that isn t covered here, you will likely be able to find the parameters on the Web.

List is called ResizeArray to avoid confusion with F# lists: open System // an integer list let intList = let temp = new ResizeArray<int>() in tempAddRange([| 1; 2; 3 |]); temp // print each int using the ForEach member method intListForEach( fun i -> ConsoleWriteLine(i) ) Executing the preceding code produces the following results:.

Agile methods were born out of the frustration software development teams were having with the waterfall approach. These software developers were not seeing the results they felt were necessary to deliver successful projects on a regular basis. They saw several shortcomings with this heavy emphasis on process and documentation. Several developers who shared the same frustrations with waterfall approaches got together and formed the Agile Alliance. The alliance members agreed on four key values that they felt all Agile projects should have in common. They called the compilation of these values the Agile Manifesto (http://agilemanifesto.org). The values of the Agile Manifesto are as follows: Individuals and interactions Working software Customer collaboration Responding to change over over over over Processes and tools Comprehensive documentation Contract negotiation Following a plan

1 2 3 The previous example also demonstrates another nice feature of F# when interoperating with nonF# libraries NET APIs often use a NET construct called delegates, which are conceptually a kind of function value F# functions will automatically be converted to NET delegate objects if their signatures match You can see this on the last line, where an F# function is passed directly to a method that takes a NET delegate type To keep methods as flexible as possible, you might prefer not to specify a type parameter when you import methods that take generic delegates or when you create a wrapper F# function around constructors for a non-F# library.

Figure 12-1. Blending effects Listing 12-5. Demonstrating Blending Effects (blenddemo.py) SCREEN_SIZE = (800, 600) from OpenGL.GL import * from OpenGL.GLU import *

The idea is that by focusing on the values on the left, you shift your approach to software development. It s not that the items on the right are wrong or bad, but that the items on the left should be more important. With the increasing popularity of the Internet and e-commerce, businesses are migrating to the Web in alarming rates. With this migration comes the need for rapid deployment of software. In addition, changes in the economy have required development teams to do more with less. Handling these changes gracefully is the focus of the Agile methods. We ll return to Agile methods as a group at the end of the chapter and see when it s best to use XP over the various other Agile methods.

You achieve this by using the underscore (_) in place of the type parameter, as in the first line of the next example (the following example uses the forward operator, |>, which I explain in the The |> Operator section): open System // how to wrap a method that take a delegate with an F# function let findIndex f arr = ArrayFindIndex(arr, new Predicate<_>(f)) // define an array literal let rhyme = [| "The"; "cat"; "sat"; "on"; "the"; "mat" |] // print index of the first word ending in 'at' printfn "First word ending in 'at' in the array: %i" (rhyme |> findIndex (fun w -> wEndsWith("at"))) When you compile and execute this example, you get the following result: First word ending in 'at' in the array: 1 Here you import the FindIndex method from the SystemArray class, so you can use it in a curried style.

import pygame from pygame.locals import *