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By default, F# is whitespace-sensitive, with indentation controlling the scope of identifiers. The language F# was based on, Objective Caml (OCaml), is not whitespace-sensitive. In OCaml, scope is controlled though the use of the in keyword. For example the halfWay function from the previous example would look like the following (note the additional in keyword in the middle two lines):

Before you can use an image as a texture with OpenGL, you first have to upload it. This takes the raw image information and sends it to the high-speed video memory of your graphics card. Images used as textures must be at least 64 64 pixels in size, and both the width and height must be a power of 2 (64, 128, 256, etc.). If your image isn t a power of 2, you should scale it to fit in the next power of 2 up. Listing 11-1 is a function that can calculate the next power of 2, given one of the dimensions.

The principle of rapid feedback enhances the value of feedback by pumping the received feedback back into the XP environment as quickly as possible. The business receives rapid feedback in days and weeks, and developers receive rapid feedback in seconds and minutes. This is all accomplished by selecting XP practices that provide this type of feedback. For example, acceptance tests are written during an iteration starting with the first iteration. In a waterfall approach, these tests would not be available until the end of the project. Acceptance tests provide the business with rapid feedback in days and weeks, instead of months or years. Another example of rapid feedback is unit tests, which we will discuss later in this chapter when we cover the seventh XP practice of testing. This provides the developers with rapid feedback in seconds and minutes, instead of a waterfall approach where this type of feedback may not be available for weeks or months.

The F# whitespace-sensitive syntax is said to be a lightweight syntax, because certain keywords and symbols such as in, ;, begin, and end are optional. This means the preceding function definition will be accepted by the F# compiler even with the additional in keywords. If you want to force the use of these keywords, add the declaration #light "off" to the top of each source file. I believe that significant whitespace is a much more intuitive way of programming, because it helps the programmer decide how the code should be laid out. Therefore, in this book, I cover the F# lightweight syntax.

Note Some graphics cards do have the capability to use textures that aren t a power of 2, but it is best to

Identifiers within functions are scoped to the end of the expression in which they appear. Ordinarily, this means they are scoped until the end of the function definition in which they appear. So, if an identifier is defined inside a function, it cannot be used outside it. Consider the next example: let printMessage() = let message = "Help me" printfn "%s" message printfn "%s" message This attempts to use the identifier message outside the function printMessage, which is out of scope. When trying to compile this code, you ll get the following error message: Prog.fs(34,17): error: FS0039: The value or constructor 'message' is not defined. Identifiers within functions behave a little differently from identifiers at the top level, because they can be redefined using the let keyword. This is useful because it means that you do not need to keep inventing names to hold intermediate values. To demonstrate, the next example shows a mathematical puzzle implemented as an F# function. Here, you need to calculate a lot of intermediate values that you don t particularly care about; inventing names for each one these would be an unnecessary burden on the programmer.

The second principle supports the basic value by treating every problem as if it could be solved with ridiculous simplicity. That s not to say that every problem is ridiculously simple, but to trust your ability to add complexity in the future where needed. This principle encourages you to solve your current problems by keeping things simple.

Listing 11-1. Calculating the Next Power of 2 from math import log, ceil def next_power_of_2(size): return 2 ** ceil(log(size, 2))